Diaphragmatic Hernias Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Therapy for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia, Surgical Therapy for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (2024)

  1. Balayla J, Abenhaim HA. Incidence, predictors and outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a population-based study of 32 million births in the United States. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014 Sep. 27 (14):1438-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  2. Kluth D, Keijzer R, Hertl M, Tibboel D. Embryology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg. 1996 Nov. 5 (4):224-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  3. Alamo L, Gudinchet F, Meuli R. Imaging findings in fetal diaphragmatic abnormalities. Pediatr Radiol. 2015 Dec. 45 (13):1887-900. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  4. Irish MS, Holm BA, Glick PL. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. A historical review. Clin Perinatol. 1996 Dec. 23 (4):625-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  5. De Leon N, Tse WH, Ameis D, Keijzer R. Embryology and anatomy of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2022 Dec. 31 (6):151229. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  6. Ameis D, Khoshgoo N, Keijzer R. Abnormal lung development in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2017 Jun. 26 (3):123-128. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  7. Jesudason EC. Challenging embryological theories on congenital diaphragmatic hernia: future therapeutic implications for paediatric surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2002 Jul. 84 (4):252-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  8. Merrell AJ, Ellis BJ, Fox ZD, Lawson JA, Weiss JA, Kardon G. Muscle connective tissue controls development of the diaphragm and is a source of congenital diaphragmatic hernias. Nat Genet. 2015 May. 47 (5):496-504. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  9. Gupta VS, Harting MT. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia-associated pulmonary hypertension. Semin Perinatol. 2020 Feb. 44 (1):151167. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  10. Zani A, Chung WK, Deprest J, Harting MT, Jancelewicz T, Kunisaki SM, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2022 Jun 1. 8 (1):37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  11. Kool H, Mous D, Tibboel D, de Klein A, Rottier RJ. Pulmonary vascular development goes awry in congenital lung abnormalities. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2014 Dec. 102 (4):343-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  12. Bargy F, Beaudoin S, Barbet P. Fetal lung growth in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2006. 21 (1):39-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  13. Lusk LA, Wai KC, Moon-Grady AJ, Steurer MA, Keller RL. Persistence of pulmonary hypertension by echocardiography predicts short-term outcomes in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr. 2015 Feb. 166 (2):251-6.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  14. Holden KI, Rintoul NE, McNamara PJ, Harting MT. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia-associated pulmonary hypertension. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2024 Aug. 33 (4):151437. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  15. Jacobs R, Honore PM, Hosseinpour N, Nieboer K, Spapen HD. Sudden cardiac arrest during pregnancy: a rare complication of acquired maternal diaphragmatic hernia. Acta Clin Belg. 2012 May-Jun. 67 (3):198-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  16. McAteer JP, Hecht A, De Roos AJ, Goldin AB. Maternal medical and behavioral risk factors for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2014 Jan. 49 (1):34-8; discussion 38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  17. Donahoe PK, Longoni M, High FA. Polygenic Causes of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Produce Common Lung Pathologies. Am J Pathol. 2016 Oct. 186 (10):2532-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  18. Katz OL, Wild KT, McEldrew D, Kaur M, Raible S, Skraban CM, et al. Molecular Mechanisms Contributing to the Etiology of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Review and Novel Cases. J Pediatr. 2022 Jul. 246:251-265.e2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  19. Gibbs DL, Rice HE, Farrell JA, Adzick NS, Harrison MR. Familial diaphragmatic agenesis: an autosomal-recessive syndrome with a poor prognosis. J Pediatr Surg. 1997 Feb. 32 (2):366-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  20. Kling DE, Schnitzer JJ. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD), teratogenic, and surgical models of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2007 May 15. 145C (2):139-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  21. Greer JJ, Babiuk RP, Thebaud B. Etiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: the retinoid hypothesis. Pediatr Res. 2003 May. 53 (5):726-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  22. WILSON JG, ROTH CB, WARKANY J. An analysis of the syndrome of malformations induced by maternal vitamin A deficiency. Effects of restoration of vitamin A at various times during gestation. Am J Anat. 1953 Mar. 92 (2):189-217. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  23. Thébaud B, Tibboel D, Rambaud C, Mercier JC, Bourbon JR, Dinh-Xuan AT, et al. Vitamin A decreases the incidence and severity of nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia in rats. Am J Physiol. 1999 Aug. 277 (2):L423-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  24. Beurskens LW, Tibboel D, Lindemans J, Duvekot JJ, Cohen-Overbeek TE, Veenma DC, et al. Retinol status of newborn infants is associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics. 2010 Oct. 126 (4):712-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  25. Hamoudi D, Bouderka MA, Benissa N, Harti A. Diaphragmatic rupture during labor. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2004 Oct. 13 (4):284-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  26. Hayden JD, Davies JB, Martin IG. Diaphragmatic rupture resulting from gastrointestinal barotrauma in a scuba diver. Br J Sports Med. 1998 Mar. 32 (1):75-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  27. Celtik U, Dokumcu Z, Ozcan C, Ergün O. A rare complication of pediatric liver transplantation: Post-transplant diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Transplant. 2024 May. 28 (3):e14749. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  28. Seda Neto J, M Costa C, Fonseca EA, Vincenzi R, Pugliese R, Rocha JIX, et al. Intestinal complications are common in patients with acquired diaphragmatic hernia after pediatric living donor liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2022 May. 26 (3):e14203. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  29. Emamaullee JA, Nekrasov V, Gilmour S, Kneteman N, Yanni G, Kohli R, et al. Case series and systematic review of acquired diaphragmatic hernia after liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2018 Dec. 22 (8):e13296. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  30. McGivern MR, Best KE, Rankin J, Wellesley D, Greenlees R, Addor MC, et al. Epidemiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Europe: a register-based study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015 Mar. 100 (2):F137-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  31. Paoletti M, Raffler G, Gaffi MS, Antounians L, Lauriti G, Zani A. Prevalence and risk factors for congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A global view. J Pediatr Surg. 2020 Nov. 55 (11):2297-2307. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  32. Fair KA, Gordon NT, Barbosa RR, Rowell SE, Watters JM, Schreiber MA. Traumatic diaphragmatic injury in the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank: a new examination of a rare diagnosis. Am J Surg. 2015 May. 209 (5):864-8; discussion 868-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  33. Zalla JM, Stoddard GJ, Yoder BA. Improved mortality rate for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the modern era of management: 15 year experience in a single institution. J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Apr. 50 (4):524-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  34. Guner YS, Harting MT, Jancelewicz T, Yu PT, Di Nardo M, Nguyen DV. Variation across centers in standardized mortality ratios for congenital diaphragmatic hernia receiving extracorporeal life support. J Pediatr Surg. 2022 Nov. 57 (11):606-613. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  35. Guner YS, Delaplain PT, Zhang L, Di Nardo M, Brogan TV, Chen Y, et al. Trends in Mortality and Risk Characteristics of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Treated With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. ASAIO J. 2019 Jul. 65 (5):509-515. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  36. Cannie M, Jani J, Chaffiotte C, Vaast P, Deruelle P, Houfflin-Debarge V, et al. Quantification of intrathoracic liver herniation by magnetic resonance imaging and prediction of postnatal survival in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Oct. 32 (5):627-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  37. Lazar DA, Ruano R, Cass DL, Moise KJ Jr, Johnson A, Lee TC, et al. Defining "liver-up": does the volume of liver herniation predict outcome for fetuses with isolated left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia?. J Pediatr Surg. 2012 Jun. 47 (6):1058-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  38. Mullassery D, Ba'ath ME, Jesudason EC, Losty PD. Value of liver herniation in prediction of outcome in fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010 May. 35 (5):609-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  39. Victoria T, Bebbington MW, Danzer E, Flake AW, Johnson MP, Dinan D, et al. Use of magnetic resonance imaging in prenatal prognosis of the fetus with isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Prenat Diagn. 2012 Aug. 32 (8):715-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  40. Zamora IJ, Olutoye OO, Cass DL, Fallon SC, Lazar DA, Cassady CI, et al. Prenatal MRI fetal lung volumes and percent liver herniation predict pulmonary morbidity in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). J Pediatr Surg. 2014 May. 49 (5):688-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  41. Keller RL, Glidden DV, Paek BW, Goldstein RB, Feldstein VA, Callen PW, et al. The lung-to-head ratio and fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion: prediction of survival in severe left congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Mar. 21 (3):244-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  42. Jani JC, Nicolaides KH, Gratacós E, Vandecruys H, Deprest JA, FETO Task Group. Fetal lung-to-head ratio in the prediction of survival in severe left-sided diaphragmatic hernia treated by fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec. 195 (6):1646-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  43. Peralta CF, Cavoretto P, Csapo B, Vandecruys H, Nicolaides KH. Assessment of lung area in normal fetuses at 12-32 weeks. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Dec. 26 (7):718-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  44. Benachi A, Cordier AG, Cannie M, Jani J. Advances in prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014 Dec. 19 (6):331-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  45. Jani J, Peralta CF, Benachi A, Deprest J, Nicolaides KH. Assessment of lung area in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jul. 30 (1):72-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  46. Deprest JA, Flemmer AW, Gratacos E, Nicolaides K. Antenatal prediction of lung volume and in-utero treatment by fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion in severe isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009 Feb. 14 (1):8-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  47. Jani J, Nicolaides KH, Keller RL, Benachi A, Peralta CF, Favre R, et al. Observed to expected lung area to head circumference ratio in the prediction of survival in fetuses with isolated diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jul. 30 (1):67-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  48. Hedrick HL, Danzer E, Merchant AM, Bebbington MW, Zhao H, Flake AW, et al. Liver position and lung-to-head ratio for prediction of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and survival in isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Oct. 197 (4):422.e1-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  49. Büsing KA, Kilian AK, Schaible T, Dinter DJ, Neff KW. MR lung volume in fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia: logistic regression analysis--mortality and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Radiology. 2008 Jul. 248 (1):233-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  50. Barnewolt CE, Kunisaki SM, Fauza DO, Nemes LP, Estroff JA, Jennings RW. Percent predicted lung volumes as measured on fetal magnetic resonance imaging: a useful biometric parameter for risk stratification in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2007 Jan. 42 (1):193-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  51. Lee TC, Lim FY, Keswani SG, Frischer JS, Haberman B, Kingma PS, et al. Late gestation fetal magnetic resonance imaging-derived total lung volume predicts postnatal survival and need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2011 Jun. 46 (6):1165-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  52. Jani J, Cannie M, Sonigo P, Robert Y, Moreno O, Benachi A, et al. Value of prenatal magnetic resonance imaging in the prediction of postnatal outcome in fetuses with diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Nov. 32 (6):793-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  53. Madenci AL, Sjogren AR, Treadwell MC, Ladino-Torres MF, Drongowski RA, Kreutzman J, et al. Another dimension to survival: predicting outcomes with fetal MRI versus prenatal ultrasound in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2013 Jun. 48 (6):1190-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  54. Schaible T, Büsing KA, Felix JF, Hop WC, Zahn K, Wessel L, et al. Prediction of chronic lung disease, survival and need for ECMO therapy in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: additional value of fetal MRI measurements?. Eur J Radiol. 2012 May. 81 (5):1076-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  55. Frisk V, Jakobson LS, Unger S, Trachsel D, O'Brien K. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors not treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg. 2011 Jul. 46 (7):1309-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  56. Tracy S, Estroff J, Valim C, Friedman S, Chen C. Abnormal neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental findings in a cohort of antenatally diagnosed congenital diaphragmatic hernia survivors. J Pediatr Surg. 2010 May. 45 (5):958-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  57. Wilson MG, Riley P, Hurteau AM, Baird R, Puligandla PS. Hearing loss in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) survivors: is it as prevalent as we think?. J Pediatr Surg. 2013 May. 48 (5):942-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  58. Fligor BJ, Neault MW, Mullen CH, Feldman HA, Jones DT. Factors associated with sensorineural hearing loss among survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy. Pediatrics. 2005 Jun. 115 (6):1519-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  59. Robertson CM, Tyebkhan JM, Hagler ME, Cheung PY, Peliowski A, Etches PC. Late-onset, progressive sensorineural hearing loss after severe neonatal respiratory failure. Otol Neurotol. 2002 May. 23 (3):353-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  60. Muratore CS, Utter S, Jaksic T, Lund DP, Wilson JM. Nutritional morbidity in survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 2001 Aug. 36 (8):1171-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  61. Van Meurs KP, Robbins ST, Reed VL, Karr SS, Wagner AE, Glass P, et al. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: long-term outcome in neonates treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr. 1993 Jun. 122 (6):893-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  62. Kamath BD, Fashaw L, Kinsella JP. Adrenal insufficiency in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr. 2010 Mar. 156 (3):495-497.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  63. Kipfmueller F, Schroeder L, Melaku T, Geipel A, Berg C, Gembruch U, et al. Prediction of ECMO and Mortality in Neonates with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Using the SNAP-II Score. Klin Padiatr. 2019 Nov. 231 (6):297-303. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  64. Sliker CW. Imaging of diaphragm injuries. Radiol Clin North Am. 2006 Mar. 44 (2):199-211, vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  65. Fauza DO, Wilson JM. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and associated anomalies: their incidence, identification, and impact on prognosis. J Pediatr Surg. 1994 Aug. 29 (8):1113-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  66. Tanaka T, Inamura N, Ishii R, Kayatani F, Yoneda A, Tazuke Y, et al. The evaluation of diastolic function using the diastolic wall strain (DWS) before and after radical surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Surg Int. 2015 Oct. 31 (10):905-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  67. Blaivas M, Brannam L, Hawkins M, Lyon M, Sriram K. Bedside emergency ultrasonographic diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture in blunt abdominal trauma. Am J Emerg Med. 2004 Nov. 22 (7):601-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  68. Deeney S, Howley LW, Hodges M, Liechty KW, Marwan AI, Gien J, et al. Impact of Objective Echocardiographic Criteria for Timing of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair. J Pediatr. 2018 Jan. 192:99-104.e4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  69. Gien J, Palmer C, Liechty K, Kinsella JP. Early Abnormalities in Gas Exchange in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. J Pediatr. 2022 Apr. 243:188-192. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  70. Patel N, Lally PA, Kipfmueller F, Massolo AC, Luco M, Van Meurs KP, et al. Ventricular Dysfunction Is a Critical Determinant of Mortality in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Dec 15. 200 (12):1522-1530. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  71. Sakurai Y, Azarow K, Cutz E, Messineo A, Pearl R, Bohn D. Pulmonary barotrauma in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a clinicopathological correlation. J Pediatr Surg. 1999 Dec. 34 (12):1813-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  72. Snoek KG, Capolupo I, van Rosmalen J, Hout Lde J, Vijfhuize S, Greenough A, et al. Conventional Mechanical Ventilation Versus High-frequency Oscillatory Ventilation for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Randomized Clinical Trial (The VICI-trial). Ann Surg. 2016 May. 263 (5):867-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  73. McNamara PJ, Giesinger RE, Lakshminrusimha S. Dopamine and Neonatal Pulmonary Hypertension-Pressing Need for a Better Pressor?. J Pediatr. 2022 Jul. 246:242-250. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  74. Schranz D, Huth R, Michel-Behnke I, Wippermann CF. Norepinephrine, enoximone, and nitric oxide for treatment of myocardial stunning and pulmonary hypertension in a newborn with diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1995 Jun. 30 (6):801-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  75. Capolupo I, De Rose DU, Mazzeo F, Monaco F, Giliberti P, Landolfo F, et al. Early vasopressin infusion improves oxygenation in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Front Pediatr. 2023. 11:1104728. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  76. Acker SN, Kinsella JP, Abman SH, Gien J. Vasopressin improves hemodynamic status in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr. 2014 Jul. 165 (1):53-58.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  77. Murthy V, D'Costa W, Nicolaides K, Davenport M, Fox G, Milner AD, et al. Neuromuscular blockade and lung function during resuscitation of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Neonatology. 2013. 103 (2):112-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  78. Cox KJ, Yang MJ, Fenton SJ, Russell KW, Yost CC, Yoder BA. Operative repair in congenital diaphragmatic hernia: How long do we really need to wait?. J Pediatr Surg. 2022 Sep. 57 (9):17-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  79. Gupta VS, Shepherd ST, Ebanks AH, Lally KP, Harting MT, Basir MA. Association of timing of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair with survival and morbidity for patients not requiring extra-corporeal life support. J Neonatal Perinatal Med. 2022. 15 (4):759-765. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  80. Moyer V, Moya F, Tibboel R, Losty P, Nagaya M, Lally KP. Late versus early surgical correction for congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002. CD001695. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  81. Hollinger LE, Lally PA, Tsao K, Wray CJ, Lally KP, Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. A risk-stratified analysis of delayed congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair: does timing of operation matter?. Surgery. 2014 Aug. 156 (2):475-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  82. Partridge EA, Peranteau WH, Rintoul NE, Herkert LM, Flake AW, Adzick NS, et al. Timing of repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). J Pediatr Surg. 2015 Feb. 50 (2):260-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  83. Smithers CJ, Zalieckas JM, Rice-Townsend SE, Kamran A, Zurakowski D, Buchmiller TL. The Timing of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Impacts Surgical Bleeding Risk. J Pediatr Surg. 2023 Sep. 58 (9):1656-1662. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  84. Robertson JO, Criss CN, Hsieh LB, Matsuko N, Gish JS, Mon RA, et al. Comparison of early versus delayed strategies for repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Pediatr Surg. 2018 Apr. 53 (4):629-634. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  85. Glenn IC, Abdulhai S, Lally PA, Schlager A, Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. Early CDH repair on ECMO: Improved survival but no decrease in ECMO duration (A CDH Study Group Investigation). J Pediatr Surg. 2019 Oct. 54 (10):2038-2043. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  86. Gien J, Meyers ML, Kinsella JP. Assessment of Carina Position Antenatally and Postnatally in Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. J Pediatr. 2018 Jan. 192:93-98.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  87. Kipfmueller F, Leyens J, Pugnaloni F, Bo B, Grass T, Lemloh L, et al. Spontaneous breathing in selected neonates with very mild congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2024 Mar. 59 (3):617-624. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  88. Lakshminrusimha S, Swartz DD, Gugino SF, Ma CX, Wynn KA, Ryan RM, et al. Oxygen concentration and pulmonary hemodynamics in newborn lambs with pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Res. 2009 Nov. 66 (5):539-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  89. Guevorkian D, Mur S, Cavatorta E, Pognon L, Rakza T, Storme L. Lower Distending Pressure Improves Respiratory Mechanics in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Complicated by Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension. J Pediatr. 2018 Sep. 200:38-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  90. Altit G, Bhombal S, Van Meurs K, Tacy TA. Ventricular Performance is Associated with Need for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Newborns with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. J Pediatr. 2017 Dec. 191:28-34.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  91. Lally KP, Lally PA, Van Meurs KP, Bohn DJ, Davis CF, Rodgers B, et al. Treatment evolution in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia: ten years' experience with diaphragmatic agenesis. Ann Surg. 2006 Oct. 244 (4):505-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  92. Lawrence KM, Monos S, Adams S, Herkert L, Peranteau WH, Munson DA, et al. Inhaled Nitric Oxide Is Associated with Improved Oxygenation in a Subpopulation of Infants with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia and Pulmonary Hypertension. J Pediatr. 2020 Apr. 219:167-172. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  93. Noh CY, Chock VY, Bhombal S, Danzer E, Patel N, Dahlen A, et al. Early nitric oxide is not associated with improved outcomes in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Res. 2023 Jun. 93 (7):1899-1906. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  94. Gerall C, Wallman-Stokes A, Stewart L, Price J, Kabagambe S, Fan W, et al. High-Frequency Positive Pressure Ventilation as Primary Rescue Strategy for Patients with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Comparison to High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation. Am J Perinatol. 2024 Feb. 41 (3):255-262. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  95. Miguet D, Claris O, Lapillonne A, Bakr A, Chappuis JP, Salle BL. Preoperative stabilization using high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Crit Care Med. 1994 Sep. 22 (9 Suppl):S77-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  96. Migliazza L, Bellan C, Alberti D, Auriemma A, Burgio G, Locatelli G, et al. Retrospective study of 111 cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with early high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and presurgical stabilization. J Pediatr Surg. 2007 Sep. 42 (9):1526-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  97. Ng GY, Derry C, Marston L, Choudhury M, Holmes K, Calvert SA. Reduction in ventilator-induced lung injury improves outcome in congenital diaphragmatic hernia?. Pediatr Surg Int. 2008 Feb. 24 (2):145-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  98. Somaschini M, Locatelli G, Salvoni L, Bellan C, Colombo A. Impact of new treatments for respiratory failure on outcome of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Pediatr. 1999 Oct. 158 (10):780-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  99. Cacciari A, Ruggeri G, Mordenti M, Ceccarelli PL, Baccarini E, Pigna A, et al. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional mechanical ventilation in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2001 Feb. 11 (1):3-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  100. van den Hout L, Reiss I, Felix JF, Hop WC, Lally PA, Lally KP, et al. Risk factors for chronic lung disease and mortality in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Neonatology. 2010. 98 (4):370-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  101. Gander JW, Fisher JC, Gross ER, Reichstein AR, Cowles RA, Aspelund G, et al. Early recurrence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia is higher after thoracoscopic than open repair: a single institutional study. J Pediatr Surg. 2011 Jul. 46 (7):1303-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  102. Okazaki T, Nishimura K, Takahashi T, Shoji H, Shimizu T, Tanaka T, et al. Indications for thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonates. Pediatr Surg Int. 2011 Jan. 27 (1):35-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  103. Terui K, Nagata K, Ito M, Yamoto M, Shiraishi M, Taguchi T, et al. Surgical approaches for neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Surg Int. 2015 Oct. 31 (10):891-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  104. Tyson AF, Sola R Jr, Arnold MR, Cosper GH, Schulman AM. Thoracoscopic Versus Open Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair: Single Tertiary Center Review. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2017 Nov. 27 (11):1209-1216. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  105. Wilson JM, Bower LK, Lund DP. Evolution of the technique of congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair on ECMO. J Pediatr Surg. 1994 Aug. 29 (8):1109-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  106. Chiu PP, Sauer C, Mihailovic A, Adatia I, Bohn D, Coates AL, et al. The price of success in the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: is improved survival accompanied by an increase in long-term morbidity?. J Pediatr Surg. 2006 May. 41 (5):888-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  107. Cortes RA, Keller RL, Townsend T, Harrison MR, Farmer DL, Lee H, et al. Survival of severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia has morbid consequences. J Pediatr Surg. 2005 Jan. 40 (1):36-45; discussion 45-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  108. McHoney M, Hammond P. Role of ECMO in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018 Mar. 103 (2):F178-F181. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  109. Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Longaker MT, Goldberg JD, Rosen MA, Filly RA, et al. Successful repair in utero of a fetal diaphragmatic hernia after removal of herniated viscera from the left thorax. N Engl J Med. 1990 May 31. 322 (22):1582-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  110. Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Flake AW, Jennings RW, Estes JM, MacGillivray TE, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero: VI. Hard-earned lessons. J Pediatr Surg. 1993 Oct. 28 (10):1411-7; discussion 1417-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  111. Clifton MS, Wulkan ML. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia and Diaphragmatic Eventration. Clin Perinatol. 2017 Dec. 44 (4):773-779. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  112. Wilson JM, DiFiore JW, Peters CA. Experimental fetal tracheal ligation prevents the pulmonary hypoplasia associated with fetal nephrectomy: possible application for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1993 Nov. 28 (11):1433-9; discussion 1439-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  113. DiFiore JW, Fauza DO, Slavin R, Peters CA, Fackler JC, Wilson JM. Experimental fetal tracheal ligation reverses the structural and physiological effects of pulmonary hypoplasia in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1994 Feb. 29 (2):248-56; discussion 256-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  114. Hedrick MH, Estes JM, Sullivan KM, Bealer JF, Kitterman JA, Flake AW, et al. Plug the lung until it grows (PLUG): a new method to treat congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. J Pediatr Surg. 1994 May. 29 (5):612-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  115. Adzick NS, Outwater KM, Harrison MR, Davies P, Glick PL, deLorimier AA, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero. IV. An early gestational fetal lamb model for pulmonary vascular morphometric analysis. J Pediatr Surg. 1985 Dec. 20 (6):673-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  116. Skarsgard ED, Meuli M, VanderWall KJ, Bealer JF, Adzick NS, Harrison MR. Fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion ('Fetendo-PLUG') for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg. 1996 Oct. 31 (10):1335-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  117. Harrison MR, Adzick NS, Flake AW, VanderWall KJ, Bealer JF, Howell LJ, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero VIII: Response of the hypoplastic lung to tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg. 1996 Oct. 31 (10):1339-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  118. Bealer JF, Skarsgard ED, Hedrick MH, Meuli M, VanderWall KJ, Flake AW, et al. The 'PLUG' odyssey: adventures in experimental fetal tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg. 1995 Feb. 30 (2):361-4; discussion 364-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  119. Harrison MR, Mychaliska GB, Albanese CT, Jennings RW, Farrell JA, Hawgood S, et al. Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero IX: fetuses with poor prognosis (liver herniation and low lung-to-head ratio) can be saved by fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg. 1998 Jul. 33 (7):1017-22; discussion 1022-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  120. Harrison MR, Albanese CT, Hawgood SB, Farmer DL, Farrell JA, Sandberg PL, et al. Fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion by means of detachable balloon for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Sep. 185 (3):730-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  121. Harrison MR, Keller RL, Hawgood SB, Kitterman JA, Sandberg PL, Farmer DL, et al. A randomized trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for severe fetal congenital diaphragmatic hernia. N Engl J Med. 2003 Nov 13. 349 (20):1916-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  122. Keller RL, Hawgood S, Neuhaus JM, Farmer DL, Lee H, Albanese CT, et al. Infant pulmonary function in a randomized trial of fetal tracheal occlusion for severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatr Res. 2004 Nov. 56 (5):818-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  123. Ruano R, Yoshisaki CT, da Silva MM, Ceccon ME, Grasi MS, Tannuri U, et al. A randomized controlled trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion versus postnatal management of severe isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Jan. 39 (1):20-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  124. Deprest J, De Coppi P. Antenatal management of isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia today and tomorrow: ongoing collaborative research and development. Journal of Pediatric Surgery Lecture. J Pediatr Surg. 2012 Feb. 47 (2):282-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  125. Deprest JA, Nicolaides K, Gratacos E. Fetal surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia is back from never gone. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2011. 29 (1):6-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  126. Persico N, Fabietti I, Ciralli F, Gentilino V, D'Ambrosi F, Boito S, et al. Fetoscopic Endoluminal Tracheal Occlusion in Fetuses with Severe Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Three-Year Single-Center Experience. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2017. 41 (3):215-219. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  127. Grivell RM, Andersen C, Dodd JM. Prenatal interventions for congenital diaphragmatic hernia for improving outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 27. 2015 (11):CD008925. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  128. Al-Maary J, Eastwood MP, Russo FM, Deprest JA, Keijzer R. Fetal Tracheal Occlusion for Severe Pulmonary Hypoplasia in Isolated Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Survival. Ann Surg. 2016 Dec. 264 (6):929-933. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  129. Deprest JA, Benachi A, Gratacos E, Nicolaides KH, Berg C, Persico N, et al. Randomized Trial of Fetal Surgery for Moderate Left Diaphragmatic Hernia. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jul 8. 385 (2):119-129. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

  130. Putnam LR, Harting MT, Tsao K, Morini F, Yoder BA, Luco M, et al. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Defect Size and Infant Morbidity at Discharge. Pediatrics. 2016 Nov. 138 (5):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  131. Putnam LR, Tsao K, Morini F, Lally PA, Miller CC, Lally KP, et al. Evaluation of Variability in Inhaled Nitric Oxide Use and Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Dec 1. 170 (12):1188-1194. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  132. Martino A, Lista G, Guner YS. Management of the CDH patient on ECLS. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022 Dec. 27 (6):101407. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  133. St Peter SD, Valusek PA, Tsao K, Holcomb GW 3rd, Ostlie DJ, Snyder CL. Abdominal complications related to type of repair for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Surg Res. 2007 Jun 15. 140 (2):234-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

  134. American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Surgery, American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Lally KP, Engle W. Postdischarge follow-up of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Pediatrics. 2008 Mar. 121 (3):627-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Diaphragmatic Hernias Treatment & Management: Approach Considerations, Medical Therapy for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia, Surgical Therapy for Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (2024)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Recommended Articles
Article information

Author: Van Hayes

Last Updated:

Views: 5837

Rating: 4.6 / 5 (66 voted)

Reviews: 81% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Van Hayes

Birthday: 1994-06-07

Address: 2004 Kling Rapid, New Destiny, MT 64658-2367

Phone: +512425013758

Job: National Farming Director

Hobby: Reading, Polo, Genealogy, amateur radio, Scouting, Stand-up comedy, Cryptography

Introduction: My name is Van Hayes, I am a thankful, friendly, smiling, calm, powerful, fine, enthusiastic person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.